Data Science Day 15 Risk Ratio Last time, we give a SAS example of Risk Difference to test if two groups are experiencing the same proportion of a certain event. In order to understand the topic better, we will go over Risk Ratio. Definition: Risk Ratio or Relative Risk (RR) is the probability that an event occurs in a group 1…
Python Day 1: Neuron Network Graph Suppose we would like to build a basic network graph implies a student’s grade is affected by IQ and Study. In addition, Interest and method affect the result of the study. # libraries import pandas as pd import numpy as np import networkx as nx import matplotlib.pyplot as plt #build dataframe with connections: df…
Data Science Day 12: Odds Ratio Learning Objective: Probability vs Odds Vs Odds Ratio 1. Probability = Event/Sample Space 2. Odds= Prob(Event)/Prob(Non-Event) 3. Odds Ratio = Odds(Group 1)/ Odds(Group 2) Interpretation The Odds Ratio is a measure of association between exposure and outcome. OR=Odds(Group 1)/Odds(Group2)>1 indicates the increased occurrence of an event in Group 1 compared to Group…
Data science Day 8: Data transformation is one of the critical steps in Data Mining. Among many data transformation methods, normalization is a most frequently used technique. For example, we can use Z-score normalization to reduce possible noise in sound frequency. We will introduce three common normalization method, Max-Min Normalization, Z-Score Normalization, Scale multiplication. Max-Min Normalization x_normal= (x- min(x))/ (max(x)- min(x))…
Data Science Day 7: Where does the name of Chi-square distribution come from? From the first day, we know Chi-square distribution is the sum of the squared standard deviates, known as variance. If we investigate the standard deviates, then we find an interesting relation between Chi-square and Normal Distribution: If a variable follows the standard normal distribution, then its square follows the…
Data Science Day 6: Chi-square application 3: Test for Homogeneity of One Categorical Variable across serveral sample spaces. We use the Chi-square test for Homogeneity to evaluate if one single categorical variable has a similar distribution (or frequency proportion)across two or more sample spaces (or populations). Example: Couple make-up companies wish to determine if there are differences in the sales market for…
Data Science Day 5: Chi-Square Application 2: Test Independence of Two categorical variables, or known as Contingency Table. We use the Chi-Square test of Independence to check if two categorical variables are independent, or have a strong association. Example 1: Ice-cream Favor VS. Buyer’s Gender We want to see if there is a preference for ice-cream favor based on the gender of…
Data Science Day 4: Chi-Square test application 1: Test Goodness of a fit. We use the goodness of a fit to test if the observed categorical data follows the hypothesized or expected distribution. Example 1: P-value Interpretation Suppose f_exp are the expected number of boys in grade 1 different classes. f_obs are the observed number of boys in grade 1. We want…
Lesson Note 1 Tuning For the longest time, I couldn’t tune the violin by myself, because I thought I do not have perfect pitch so could not tell when they are in tune. However, the teachers told me, I can still train my ears and acquire the relative pitch. I started tuning by playing A and D, and trying to hearing for…